1
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we've found two correlations one is a

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we've found two correlations one is a
 

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we've found two correlations one is a
correlation that more massive galaxies

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correlation that more massive galaxies
 

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00:05:57,440 --> 00:05:59,590
correlation that more massive galaxies
contain more massive black holes and the

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contain more massive black holes and the
 

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contain more massive black holes and the
other is a correlation that galaxies in

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other is a correlation that galaxies in
 

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other is a correlation that galaxies in
which the stars are moving faster

10
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which the stars are moving faster
 

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which the stars are moving faster
contained bigger black holes

12
00:06:30,470 --> 00:06:30,480

 

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what the results are telling us both of

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what the results are telling us both of
 

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what the results are telling us both of
these correlations are telling us are

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these correlations are telling us are
 

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these correlations are telling us are
screaming something important others

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screaming something important others
 

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screaming something important others
they're telling us that there's a very

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they're telling us that there's a very
 

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they're telling us that there's a very
close correlation very close connection

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close correlation very close connection
 

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close correlation very close connection
between the time in the history of the

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between the time in the history of the
 

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between the time in the history of the
black hole and the black hole got most

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black hole and the black hole got most
 

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black hole and the black hole got most
of its mass and it's a process by which

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of its mass and it's a process by which
 

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of its mass and it's a process by which
the galaxies form and we have suspected

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the galaxies form and we have suspected
 

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the galaxies form and we have suspected
that there is such a correlation for a

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that there is such a correlation for a
 

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that there is such a correlation for a
long time but it gets a lot more

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long time but it gets a lot more
 

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long time but it gets a lot more
ironclad when the correlations that we

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ironclad when the correlations that we
 

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ironclad when the correlations that we
see get as good as they are now

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for the past thirty years many people

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for the past thirty years many people
 

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00:07:27,960 --> 00:07:29,450
for the past thirty years many people
have been trying to understand quasars

42
00:07:29,450 --> 00:07:29,460
have been trying to understand quasars
 

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have been trying to understand quasars
and they've built up a very complicated

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00:07:30,950 --> 00:07:30,960
and they've built up a very complicated
 

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and they've built up a very complicated
theoretical picture about what quasars

46
00:07:32,930 --> 00:07:32,940
theoretical picture about what quasars
 

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00:07:32,940 --> 00:07:34,850
theoretical picture about what quasars
are and on the other hand there have

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are and on the other hand there have
 

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00:07:34,860 --> 00:07:35,930
are and on the other hand there have
been other people who have been trying

50
00:07:35,930 --> 00:07:35,940
been other people who have been trying
 

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00:07:35,940 --> 00:07:37,490
been other people who have been trying
to understand galaxy formation and

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00:07:37,490 --> 00:07:37,500
to understand galaxy formation and
 

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00:07:37,500 --> 00:07:39,500
to understand galaxy formation and
they've picked built up several pictures

54
00:07:39,500 --> 00:07:39,510
they've picked built up several pictures
 

55
00:07:39,510 --> 00:07:41,450
they've picked built up several pictures
actually of how galaxies might form but

56
00:07:41,450 --> 00:07:41,460
actually of how galaxies might form but
 

57
00:07:41,460 --> 00:07:42,950
actually of how galaxies might form but
the quasar in the galaxy formation

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00:07:42,950 --> 00:07:42,960
the quasar in the galaxy formation
 

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the quasar in the galaxy formation
pictures weren't very closely connected

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pictures weren't very closely connected
 

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00:07:44,490 --> 00:07:47,240
pictures weren't very closely connected
what our work has helped to do is cement

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00:07:47,240 --> 00:07:47,250
what our work has helped to do is cement
 

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00:07:47,250 --> 00:07:49,160
what our work has helped to do is cement
the connection between the quasar and

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00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:49,170
the connection between the quasar and
 

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00:07:49,170 --> 00:07:51,140
the connection between the quasar and
galaxy formation pictures and in doing

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00:07:51,140 --> 00:07:51,150
galaxy formation pictures and in doing
 

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00:07:51,150 --> 00:07:53,050
galaxy formation pictures and in doing
so reduced the number of possibilities

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00:07:53,050 --> 00:07:53,060
so reduced the number of possibilities
 

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00:07:53,060 --> 00:07:55,520
so reduced the number of possibilities
about galaxy formation that people are

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00:07:55,520 --> 00:07:55,530
about galaxy formation that people are
 

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00:07:55,530 --> 00:08:23,490
about galaxy formation that people are
thinking about

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00:08:23,490 --> 00:08:23,500

 

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00:08:23,500 --> 00:08:25,230

one of the missions of the hubble space

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00:08:25,230 --> 00:08:25,240
one of the missions of the hubble space
 

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00:08:25,240 --> 00:08:27,150
one of the missions of the hubble space
telescope since the very beginning I

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00:08:27,150 --> 00:08:27,160
telescope since the very beginning I
 

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00:08:27,160 --> 00:08:29,190
telescope since the very beginning I
think was always thought to be the

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00:08:29,190 --> 00:08:29,200
think was always thought to be the
 

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00:08:29,200 --> 00:08:30,570
think was always thought to be the
search for supermassive black holes

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00:08:30,570 --> 00:08:30,580
search for supermassive black holes
 

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00:08:30,580 --> 00:08:32,580
search for supermassive black holes
because what you need to do is be able

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00:08:32,580 --> 00:08:32,590
because what you need to do is be able
 

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00:08:32,590 --> 00:08:34,320
because what you need to do is be able
to see very close to galaxy centers and

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00:08:34,320 --> 00:08:34,330
to see very close to galaxy centers and
 

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00:08:34,330 --> 00:08:35,610
to see very close to galaxy centers and
getting outside the atmosphere is

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00:08:35,610 --> 00:08:35,620
getting outside the atmosphere is
 

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00:08:35,620 --> 00:08:37,620
getting outside the atmosphere is
central to being able to do that so this

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00:08:37,620 --> 00:08:37,630
central to being able to do that so this
 

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central to being able to do that so this
problem has always been on our mind and

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00:08:39,529 --> 00:08:39,539
problem has always been on our mind and
 

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00:08:39,539 --> 00:08:41,880
problem has always been on our mind and
similarly the properties of the

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00:08:41,880 --> 00:08:41,890
similarly the properties of the
 

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similarly the properties of the
spectrograph were designed in part to

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00:08:43,709 --> 00:08:43,719
spectrograph were designed in part to
 

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00:08:43,719 --> 00:08:45,210
spectrograph were designed in part to
make it possible to do this kind of a

96
00:08:45,210 --> 00:08:45,220
make it possible to do this kind of a
 

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00:08:45,220 --> 00:08:46,950
make it possible to do this kind of a
search so both the Hubble Space

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00:08:46,950 --> 00:08:46,960
search so both the Hubble Space
 

99
00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:48,800
search so both the Hubble Space
Telescope and this spectrograph

100
00:08:48,800 --> 00:08:48,810
Telescope and this spectrograph
 

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00:08:48,810 --> 00:08:50,790
Telescope and this spectrograph
specifically are addressing a lot of

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00:08:50,790 --> 00:08:50,800
specifically are addressing a lot of
 

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00:08:50,800 --> 00:08:52,470
specifically are addressing a lot of
problems but one of the central ones has

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00:08:52,470 --> 00:08:52,480
problems but one of the central ones has
 

105
00:08:52,480 --> 00:09:18,299
problems but one of the central ones has
always been the black hole search

106
00:09:18,299 --> 00:09:18,309

 

107
00:09:18,309 --> 00:09:21,069

this spectrum shows the other parts of

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00:09:21,069 --> 00:09:21,079
this spectrum shows the other parts of
 

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00:09:21,079 --> 00:09:22,869
this spectrum shows the other parts of
the galaxy well in the inner parts of

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00:09:22,869 --> 00:09:22,879
the galaxy well in the inner parts of
 

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00:09:22,879 --> 00:09:32,320
the galaxy well in the inner parts of
fried

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00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:32,330

 

113
00:09:32,330 --> 00:09:34,340

and the problem is that the surface

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00:09:34,340 --> 00:09:34,350
and the problem is that the surface
 

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00:09:34,350 --> 00:09:36,410
and the problem is that the surface
brightness is bearing a lot galaxy

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00:09:36,410 --> 00:09:36,420
brightness is bearing a lot galaxy
 

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00:09:36,420 --> 00:09:39,290
brightness is bearing a lot galaxy
that's bright so I can also display this

118
00:09:39,290 --> 00:09:39,300
that's bright so I can also display this
 

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00:09:39,300 --> 00:09:45,570
that's bright so I can also display this
so that you can see the middle

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00:09:45,570 --> 00:09:45,580

 

121
00:09:45,580 --> 00:09:47,250

and then you can begin to see that

122
00:09:47,250 --> 00:09:47,260
and then you can begin to see that
 

123
00:09:47,260 --> 00:09:49,020
and then you can begin to see that
there's a zigzag in the spectral lines

124
00:09:49,020 --> 00:09:49,030
there's a zigzag in the spectral lines
 

125
00:09:49,030 --> 00:09:51,000
there's a zigzag in the spectral lines
that's the signature of the black hole

126
00:09:51,000 --> 00:09:51,010
that's the signature of the black hole
 

127
00:09:51,010 --> 00:09:53,790
that's the signature of the black hole
but you can't see it very well so if I

128
00:09:53,790 --> 00:09:53,800
but you can't see it very well so if I
 

129
00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:55,440
but you can't see it very well so if I
take the surface brightness gradient and

130
00:09:55,440 --> 00:09:55,450
take the surface brightness gradient and
 

131
00:09:55,450 --> 00:09:59,540
take the surface brightness gradient and
divide it out then I get this image now

132
00:09:59,540 --> 00:09:59,550
divide it out then I get this image now
 

133
00:09:59,550 --> 00:10:01,740
divide it out then I get this image now
the surface brightness doesn't vary

134
00:10:01,740 --> 00:10:01,750
the surface brightness doesn't vary
 

135
00:10:01,750 --> 00:10:03,420
the surface brightness doesn't vary
anymore because I've taken it out and

136
00:10:03,420 --> 00:10:03,430
anymore because I've taken it out and
 

137
00:10:03,430 --> 00:10:05,940
anymore because I've taken it out and
all you see is the spectral lines and if

138
00:10:05,940 --> 00:10:05,950
all you see is the spectral lines and if
 

139
00:10:05,950 --> 00:10:07,170
all you see is the spectral lines and if
you look at this you see there's a

140
00:10:07,170 --> 00:10:07,180
you look at this you see there's a
 

141
00:10:07,180 --> 00:10:08,940
you look at this you see there's a
collection of very narrow lines here in

142
00:10:08,940 --> 00:10:08,950
collection of very narrow lines here in
 

143
00:10:08,950 --> 00:10:11,670
collection of very narrow lines here in
here there night-sky absorption lines

144
00:10:11,670 --> 00:10:11,680
here there night-sky absorption lines
 

145
00:10:11,680 --> 00:10:14,880
here there night-sky absorption lines
water in the Earth's atmosphere these

146
00:10:14,880 --> 00:10:14,890
water in the Earth's atmosphere these
 

147
00:10:14,890 --> 00:10:16,530
water in the Earth's atmosphere these
are the lines that belong to the galaxy

148
00:10:16,530 --> 00:10:16,540
are the lines that belong to the galaxy
 

149
00:10:16,540 --> 00:10:19,500
are the lines that belong to the galaxy
and you can see that these lines have a

150
00:10:19,500 --> 00:10:19,510
and you can see that these lines have a
 

151
00:10:19,510 --> 00:10:22,110
and you can see that these lines have a
very big zigzagging in them and that's

152
00:10:22,110 --> 00:10:22,120
very big zigzagging in them and that's
 

153
00:10:22,120 --> 00:10:25,710
very big zigzagging in them and that's
the Doppler shift the color at which the

154
00:10:25,710 --> 00:10:25,720
the Doppler shift the color at which the
 

155
00:10:25,720 --> 00:10:28,320
the Doppler shift the color at which the
atoms in the star surfaces are absorbing

156
00:10:28,320 --> 00:10:28,330
atoms in the star surfaces are absorbing
 

157
00:10:28,330 --> 00:10:30,930
atoms in the star surfaces are absorbing
light which is that color that color in

158
00:10:30,930 --> 00:10:30,940
light which is that color that color in
 

159
00:10:30,940 --> 00:10:33,720
light which is that color that color in
that color but not these that color is

160
00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:33,730
that color but not these that color is
 

161
00:10:33,730 --> 00:10:35,040
that color but not these that color is
being shifted it because the stars are

162
00:10:35,040 --> 00:10:35,050
being shifted it because the stars are
 

163
00:10:35,050 --> 00:10:37,650
being shifted it because the stars are
moving so on one side it's shifted

164
00:10:37,650 --> 00:10:37,660
moving so on one side it's shifted
 

165
00:10:37,660 --> 00:10:39,690
moving so on one side it's shifted
toward the red and the other side is

166
00:10:39,690 --> 00:10:39,700
toward the red and the other side is
 

167
00:10:39,700 --> 00:10:41,730
toward the red and the other side is
shifted toward the blue that's because

168
00:10:41,730 --> 00:10:41,740
shifted toward the blue that's because
 

169
00:10:41,740 --> 00:10:45,690
shifted toward the blue that's because
as you look at this galaxy this side is

170
00:10:45,690 --> 00:10:45,700
as you look at this galaxy this side is
 

171
00:10:45,700 --> 00:10:46,980
as you look at this galaxy this side is
spinning away from you and the other

172
00:10:46,980 --> 00:10:46,990
spinning away from you and the other
 

173
00:10:46,990 --> 00:10:50,130
spinning away from you and the other
side is spin towards so on one side the

174
00:10:50,130 --> 00:10:50,140
side is spin towards so on one side the
 

175
00:10:50,140 --> 00:10:53,640
side is spin towards so on one side the
lights blue shifted and I'm the only

176
00:10:53,640 --> 00:10:53,650
lights blue shifted and I'm the only
 

177
00:10:53,650 --> 00:10:55,350
lights blue shifted and I'm the only
side of the center the light red shifted

178
00:10:55,350 --> 00:10:55,360
side of the center the light red shifted
 

179
00:10:55,360 --> 00:10:58,770
side of the center the light red shifted
like that and that's the signature of my

180
00:10:58,770 --> 00:10:58,780
like that and that's the signature of my
 

181
00:10:58,780 --> 00:11:01,020
like that and that's the signature of my
home near the black hole the Stars have

182
00:11:01,020 --> 00:11:01,030
home near the black hole the Stars have
 

183
00:11:01,030 --> 00:11:02,340
home near the black hole the Stars have
to move very fast because there's all

184
00:11:02,340 --> 00:11:02,350
to move very fast because there's all
 

185
00:11:02,350 --> 00:11:05,010
to move very fast because there's all
this extra mass support and then I can

186
00:11:05,010 --> 00:11:05,020
this extra mass support and then I can
 

187
00:11:05,020 --> 00:11:07,700
this extra mass support and then I can
take this spectrum and run it through a

188
00:11:07,700 --> 00:11:07,710
take this spectrum and run it through a
 

189
00:11:07,710 --> 00:11:09,800
take this spectrum and run it through a
reduction program that calculates

190
00:11:09,800 --> 00:11:09,810
reduction program that calculates
 

191
00:11:09,810 --> 00:11:12,690
reduction program that calculates
velocities right because all here here

192
00:11:12,690 --> 00:11:12,700
velocities right because all here here
 

193
00:11:12,700 --> 00:11:14,340
velocities right because all here here
you see qualitatively what's going on

194
00:11:14,340 --> 00:11:14,350
you see qualitatively what's going on
 

195
00:11:14,350 --> 00:11:17,370
you see qualitatively what's going on
but if I run it through the program that

196
00:11:17,370 --> 00:11:17,380
but if I run it through the program that
 

197
00:11:17,380 --> 00:11:17,710
but if I run it through the program that
car

198
00:11:17,710 --> 00:11:17,720
car
 

199
00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:23,769
car
velocities quantitative data

200
00:11:23,769 --> 00:11:23,779
velocities quantitative data
 

201
00:11:23,779 --> 00:11:26,199
velocities quantitative data
this shows a quantitative version of

202
00:11:26,199 --> 00:11:26,209
this shows a quantitative version of
 

203
00:11:26,209 --> 00:11:28,689
this shows a quantitative version of
this brightness as a function of color

204
00:11:28,689 --> 00:11:28,699
this brightness as a function of color
 

205
00:11:28,699 --> 00:11:31,240
this brightness as a function of color
so it's a cut through this and this is a

206
00:11:31,240 --> 00:11:31,250
so it's a cut through this and this is a
 

207
00:11:31,250 --> 00:11:34,329
so it's a cut through this and this is a
cut bad at large Radeon and these three

208
00:11:34,329 --> 00:11:34,339
cut bad at large Radeon and these three
 

209
00:11:34,339 --> 00:11:36,490
cut bad at large Radeon and these three
spectral lines are these three spectral

210
00:11:36,490 --> 00:11:36,500
spectral lines are these three spectral
 

211
00:11:36,500 --> 00:11:38,710
spectral lines are these three spectral
lines and you can see they're not as

212
00:11:38,710 --> 00:11:38,720
lines and you can see they're not as
 

213
00:11:38,720 --> 00:11:41,230
lines and you can see they're not as
narrow as the night-sky lines but fairly

214
00:11:41,230 --> 00:11:41,240
narrow as the night-sky lines but fairly
 

215
00:11:41,240 --> 00:11:43,329
narrow as the night-sky lines but fairly
narrow that's because the stars aren't

216
00:11:43,329 --> 00:11:43,339
narrow that's because the stars aren't
 

217
00:11:43,339 --> 00:11:47,319
narrow that's because the stars aren't
moving very fast here

218
00:11:47,319 --> 00:11:47,329

 

219
00:11:47,329 --> 00:11:49,509

this is a standard stuff so this is one

220
00:11:49,509 --> 00:11:49,519
this is a standard stuff so this is one
 

221
00:11:49,519 --> 00:11:51,189
this is a standard stuff so this is one
single stock and you can see how much

222
00:11:51,189 --> 00:11:51,199
single stock and you can see how much
 

223
00:11:51,199 --> 00:11:53,289
single stock and you can see how much
narrower the lines are the fact that the

224
00:11:53,289 --> 00:11:53,299
narrower the lines are the fact that the
 

225
00:11:53,299 --> 00:11:54,729
narrower the lines are the fact that the
lines were broad and the other one means

226
00:11:54,729 --> 00:11:54,739
lines were broad and the other one means
 

227
00:11:54,739 --> 00:12:00,400
lines were broad and the other one means
the stars are moving a little bit this

228
00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:00,410
the stars are moving a little bit this
 

229
00:12:00,410 --> 00:12:03,639
the stars are moving a little bit this
is how the rotation velocity depends on

230
00:12:03,639 --> 00:12:03,649
is how the rotation velocity depends on
 

231
00:12:03,649 --> 00:12:06,970
is how the rotation velocity depends on
position so rotation here rotation here

232
00:12:06,970 --> 00:12:06,980
position so rotation here rotation here
 

233
00:12:06,980 --> 00:12:08,859
position so rotation here rotation here
rotation here and then as you get into

234
00:12:08,859 --> 00:12:08,869
rotation here and then as you get into
 

235
00:12:08,869 --> 00:12:10,629
rotation here and then as you get into
the zigzag there's the big zigzag and

236
00:12:10,629 --> 00:12:10,639
the zigzag there's the big zigzag and
 

237
00:12:10,639 --> 00:12:13,509
the zigzag there's the big zigzag and
rotation velocity and I can expand this

238
00:12:13,509 --> 00:12:13,519
rotation velocity and I can expand this
 

239
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rotation velocity and I can expand this
up so you see it better this is just the

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up so you see it better this is just the
 

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up so you see it better this is just the
very center you can see how very fast

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very center you can see how very fast
 

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very center you can see how very fast
the center spinning on one side the

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the center spinning on one side the
 

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the center spinning on one side the
Stars are going away from us at 150

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Stars are going away from us at 150
 

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Stars are going away from us at 150
kilometres per second on the other side

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kilometres per second on the other side
 

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kilometres per second on the other side
the Stars are coming toward us at 150

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the Stars are coming toward us at 150
 

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the Stars are coming toward us at 150
kilometres per second because the centre

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kilometres per second because the centre
 

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kilometres per second because the centre
spinning and at the very center of

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spinning and at the very center of
 

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spinning and at the very center of
course the Stars are rotating and if you

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course the Stars are rotating and if you
 

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course the Stars are rotating and if you
look that it gets out of that clary

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you